and enjoyed that must he given to

our children, and the spirit of their popular gymnastics must lie raised up again. But this is no partial spirit, it submits to no influence from the popular festivals. On the contrary, these, if genuine, are only the expression of the prevalence of it. It must bo just as universally active and visible in households, in schools, in the labor of the held, in Sunday sports, and in amusements, as on the Alps and at the shepherds' festivals. It must appear in tliuopinious of the people respecting their corporeal necessities, and in the care for them. The attainment of this object is entirely impossible, unless there is awakened in the young, from childhood up, and made universal, a lofty, active, and independent sense of power, and this will inspire the child of itself to all which is desirable for the salvation of the fatherland.1Pestalozzi introduced physical exercises in his famous institute at Yverdun in 1807. As sensible as his views were on the general utiliMichael Kors Outlet ty of gymnastics, when he came to reduce them to a practical system his methods were, to say the least, unique. All the movements were directed, not to the muscles, but to the joints. He says:The essence of elementary gymnastics consists in nothing else than a series of exercises for the joints, by which is learned, from step to step, all that a child can learn with respect to the structure and movements of his body and its articulations. He can acquire this knowledge in the quickest and easiest way by means of these questions: What motions can I make with each separate limb of my body and with each separate joint of it f » How can the movements of several limbs and several joints be combiued togetherfFELLENBERU'S SCHOOL AT IIOFWYL.Physical training received a prominent place in the Principles of Education of Fellenberg, whose agricultural school at Hofwyl is declared by Henry Barnard to have exerted a wider influence than any other one institution in Europe or America during the present century. Fellenberg says:A great variety of exercises of the body and the senses are employed to prepare our pupils for the fulfillment of their destination. It is by means of such exercises that every mau should acquire a knowledge of his physical strength and attain confidence with regard to those efforts of which ho is capable, instead of that foolhardiness which endangers the existence of many who have not learned to estimate their own powers correctly.Pure air, a suitable diet, regular exercise and1 Barnard's Journal of Education, vol. , p. 193.repose, and a proper distribution of time arc the principal means of physical education. It is as essential that a pupil leave his studies during the time appropriated as that ho may study during tho hours devotod to that purpose.Voluntary exercise is to be encouraged by providing suitable games, by affording opportunities for gardening, by excursions, and by bathing. Regular gymnastic exercises should be insisted on as a moans of developing the body. A healthy action of the bodily frame has an important influence on both mind and morals.FRIEDIUOH LUDWIG JAHN AND THE TURNERS.All these thingsthe discussions concerning Rousseau, the work and the writings of the Philanthropists, the books of Gutsinuths and Vieth, the reports of the institutions of Pestalozzi and Fellenberg, and the efforts of Nachtegall in Denmarkserved to advertise bodily exercise, and to educate the public mind to an appreciation of its value. There was still lacking, however, that popular enthusiasm and that general participation in its practice without which it might soon have relapsed into its former state of somnolence. But the way was prepared for the Father of Modern Gymnastics, Friedrich Ludwig Jahn. This man was of rugged, aggressive nature, but withal possessed of a strong personal magnetism that gave bim a wonderful hold over his disciples and made him one of the most popular men of his time. The story of his work is best told in his own words:'During the beautiful

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