中国历代皇帝</SPAN> </SPAN> <B>一、三黄五帝(上古时代)</SPAN></SPAN> </SPAN>三皇五帝,是中國在夏朝以前出現在傳說中的</SPAN>“</SPAN>帝王</SPAN>”</SPAN>。現在看來,他們都是部落首領,由于實力強大而成為部落聯盟的領導者。基本上,無論是按照神話傳說,還是史書的記載,都認為三皇所處的年代早于五帝的年代。</SPAN></SPAN> 一般認為伏羲、神農、黃帝為三皇。</SPAN> </SPAN>一般認為黃帝、顓頊、帝嚳、唐堯、虞舜為五帝</SPAN> </SPAN>炎帝</SPAN> </SPAN>神农氏;黄帝</SPAN> </SPAN>轩辕氏;少昊</SPAN> </SPAN>金天氏;颛顼</SPAN> </SPAN>高阳氏;帝喾</SPAN> </SPAN>高辛氏;帝挚</SPAN> </SPAN>高辛氏;唐尧</SPAN> </SPAN>放勋;虞舜</SPAN> </SPAN>重华</SPAN> </SPAN><B>二、夏:(</SPAN>启以后)公元前</SPAN>2197--1766 </SPAN>共</SPAN>432</SPAN>年</SPAN> *</SPAN>姓,共传十四世,</SPAN> </SPAN>十七王,建都:安</SPAN> </SPAN>(今山西雯县)。夏朝的建立者是禹的儿子启,约建立于公元前</SPAN>2100</SPAN>年,夏禹传子代替了以前的禅让制度,由禅让制变成王位的世袭制。夏朝共传</SPAN>13</SPAN>代,</SPAN>16</SPAN>王,成为中国历史上第一个奴隶制王朝。夏朝其中心区域在今天的河南西部和山西南部一带。据说启死后,太康即位,出现了一时的政权更迭,即所谓</SPAN>“</SPAN>失国</SPAN>”</SPAN>。再经少康中兴,重建夏朝。到孔甲统治时,夏朝走向衰落。此后,三传至桀,夏朝灭亡。约</SPAN>400</SPAN>年,后为商朝所灭。</SPAN> 1</SPAN>、宗神夏禹</SPAN> </SPAN>??年</SPAN> 2</SPAN>、帝启</SPAN> 9</SPAN>年</SPAN> 3</SPAN>、太康</SPAN> 29</SPAN>年</SPAN> 4</SPAN>、仲康</SPAN> l3</SPAN>年</SPAN> 5</SPAN>、帝相</SPAN> 28</SPAN>年</SPAN> --</SPAN>(羿</SPAN>-</SPAN>寒浞)</SPAN> 40</SPAN>年</SPAN> 6</SPAN>、少康</SPAN> 22</SPAN>年</SPAN> 7</SPAN>、帝抒</SPAN> 17</SPAN>年</SPAN> 8</SPAN>、帝槐</SPAN> 26</SPAN>年</SPAN> 9</SPAN>、帝芒</SPAN> l8</SPAN>年</SPAN> lO</SPAN>、帝泄</SPAN> l6</SPAN>年</SPAN> l1</SPAN>、不降</SPAN> 59</SPAN>年</SPAN> l2</SPAN>、帝扃</SPAN> 2l</SPAN>年</SPAN> l3</SPAN>、胤甲</SPAN> 2l</SPAN>年</SPAN> l4</SPAN>、帝孔甲</SPAN> 3l</SPAN>年</SPAN> l5</SPAN>、帝皋</SPAN> l1</SPAN>年</SPAN> l6</SPAN>、帝发</SPAN> l9</SPAN>年</SPAN> 17</SPAN>、履癸</SPAN> </SPAN>53</SPAN>年。</SPAN> </SPAN> <B>三、商</SPAN>:在商汤灭夏,建立商朝之前,商部落是一个以畜牧业为主的部落,在黄河下游一带繁衍。商朝确立统治,就在亳(今河南商丘附近)建都;后来在盘庚时迁都到殷(今河南安阳小屯村),所以商朝一直也称作殷商。商朝的势力范围也大大超过了夏朝。商朝是中国历史上的第二个重要朝代,从大约公元前17世纪到公元前11世纪,经历了三个大的阶段。第一阶段是</SPAN>“</SPAN>先商</SPAN>”</SPAN>;第二阶段是</SPAN>“</SPAN>早商</SPAN>”</SPAN>;第三阶段是</SPAN>“</SPAN>晚商</SPAN>”</SPAN>。前后相传17世30王,延续600年时间。总的来说,商朝是处于奴隶制的鼎盛时期,奴隶主贵族是统治阶级,形成了庞大的官僚统治机构和军队。(</SPAN>1</SPAN>)商汤,姓子名汤,在位</SPAN>30</SPAN>年。商的祖先契助大禹治水有功封于商地,商汤时建都于亳(今河南商丘)。他任用仲虺和伊尹为相,逐渐强大起来,又有夏桀残暴无道,民怨沸腾,遂起兵征讨夏,大败夏军,建立商朝。建国后又修《汤刑》,《明居》等法,比较关心民命。商汤即位</SPAN>17</SPAN>年践天子位,为天子</SPAN>13</SPAN>年崩。(</SPAN>2</SPAN>)太甲</SPAN> </SPAN>,商汤长孙,太丁的儿子,在位</SPAN>33</SPAN>年。即位初,因</SPAN>“</SPAN>颠覆汤之典刑</SPAN>”</SPAN>,被伊尹放逐于桐宫,三年后改过复立,成为有成之君。这就是</SPAN>“</SPAN>桐宫悔过</SPAN>”</SPAN>的故事。</SPAN> </SPAN>(</SPAN>3</SPAN>)盘庚祖丁子,阳甲弟</SPAN> </SPAN>在位</SPAN>28</SPAN>年。盘庚迁都于殷,商朝自此称殷商。迁都后,社会经济得到较大发展,殷都成为当时的政治,文化中心。(</SPAN>4</SPAN>)武丁</SPAN> </SPAN>在位</SPAN>59</SPAN>年。武丁是盘庚以后最好的国王,政治改善,商朝复兴,他还击败四方入侵,商朝威镇四方。(</SPAN>5</SPAN>)商纣</SPAN> </SPAN>姓子名辛,帝乙子,在位</SPAN>33</SPAN>年。商纣为人聪颖,膂力过人。曾大举攻伐东夷,取得胜利,为中原文化的传播有一定的贡献。但商纣为人残暴,且好色无比。宠幸妲己,酷刑于民,大修宫舍,民不聊生。而此时西方周逐渐强大,终于灭商。纣王自焚而死。商亡。商纣与夏桀也成为了暴君的代名词</SPAN>——“</SPAN>桀纣之君</SPAN>”</SPAN>。</SPAN> </SPAN><B>四、周;</SPAN>分西周、东周,姬姓,建都:镐京(西安)、洛阳。</SPAN></SPAN> 周朝分为西周和东周。西周从公元前11世纪到公元前771年;东周自公元前772年到公元前256年。周朝共传30代37王,延续约800年时间。在灭商之前,周部落生活于渭河流域,其始祖姬弃就是被称为农神的</SPAN>“</SPAN>后稷</SPAN>”</SPAN>。周部落兴盛于周文王姬昌作首领的时候,他的统治使周部落势力强盛,死后他的儿子武王姬发才有条件伐纣灭商而建立周朝。武王死后,其子成王年幼即位,由叔叔周公旦摄政,采取了许多措施来巩固政权,并进行了东征。此后周朝向外扩张长年不断,并对周边的一些国家分封了诸侯国,疆域覆盖了长江、黄河流域和今天的东北、华北的大部,西部曾到昆仑丘。周厉王时,周朝的统治开始衰落。宣王即位后,采取了明智的政策改善统治,在对外征讨和开拓疆域上接连取得胜利,出现了</SPAN>“</SPAN>宣王中兴</SPAN>”</SPAN>。前781年,周幽王即位,宠幸妃子褒姒,用人不当,加上各种天灾人祸,民怨沸腾,周幽王被杀,西周灭亡。第二年,周平王即位,将都城东迁至洛邑(今河南洛阳),东周开始。东周之后的周王室大权旁落,诸侯纷争加剧,进入了列国征战的春秋战国时期。西周:公元前</SPAN>l122--770 </SPAN>共</SPAN>353</SPAN>年。历十二帝。建都:镐京。</SPAN> l</SPAN>、武王发</SPAN> 7</SPAN>年</SPAN> 2</SPAN>、成王诵</SPAN> 37</SPAN>年</SPAN> 3</SPAN>、康王钊</SPAN> 26</SPAN>年</SPAN> 4</SPAN>、昭王瑖</SPAN> </SPAN>5l</SPAN>年</SPAN> 5</SPAN>、穆王满</SPAN> 55</SPAN>年</SPAN> 6</SPAN>、共王紧扈</SPAN> l2</SPAN>年</SPAN> 7</SPAN>、懿王囏</SPAN> 25</SPAN>年</SPAN> 8</SPAN>、孝王辟方</SPAN> 15</SPAN>年</SPAN> 9</SPAN>、夷王变</SPAN> 16</SPAN>年</SPAN> |